Article Type : Research Article
Authors : Garcia Lirios C, Carreon Guillen J and Hernandez Valdes J
Keywords : Security; Development; Propaganda; Model; Specification
Roughly speaking, security and human development are projects of the modern State that, in its coercive aspect, imposed its stewardship on the life and resources it considers public. In this sense, the objective of the present study is to specify a model for the study of both factors. A documentary work was carried out with a sample selection of sources indexed to leading repositories in Latin America, considering the publication period from 2010 to 2024, as well as the keywords of “security”, “development”, “model” and “specification”. . The specified model included six axes ranging from the security device to co-responsibility through development propaganda. Lines of research concerning the co-participation between political and social actors are noted.
The
binomial, security and development represents the stewardship of the State if
it is taken into account that national security consisted of social union with
the purpose of preserving the territory [1]. In that sense, public security
adopted the premise of national identity with the purpose of establishing a
stewardship that will monitor the interests and resources considered public
goods. This is how social security was a remnant of the State's stewardship of
public life in the private dimension. The right to health, education and
employment, indicators of human development, were promoted by state management
until it became unsustainable as the number of pensions exceeded the income of
taxpayers. However, the binomial of citizen security and social development
maintained a close link with the advent of state neoliberalism in which
management prevailed as a synonym for the evaluation of the quality of
institutional processes and products. In this sense, the secretaries of health,
education and employment were guided by an administration of objectives, value
chains and competitive advantages [2].
This
is how private security does not exclude the State from the privacy of its
rulers, but it does reorient the evaluation of objectives, tasks and goals
towards well-being and quality of life, essential factors of human development
[3]. Consequently, the binomial between any type of security and development
within the framework of the State's stewardship is a constant that the present
work proposed to address with the purpose of specifying a model that allows
establishing the binomial relationship and its degree of incidence in a future
scenario of violence or pacification. A non-experimental, transversal,
exploratory and documentary study was carried out with a sample selection of
sources indexed to Latin American databases such as Dialnet, Latindex and
Redalyc, considering the threshold from 2010 to 2017, the key words of
“security”. , “development”, “model” and “specification”. Next, the selected
information was processed in a content analysis matrix, even though it is
considered that sources with more than one author have greater reflective merit
than those with a single author, only one-person works were included because it
was considered that They reflect a personal effort to integrate the categories
in question (see table in the annex) and finally, the trajectories of
dependency relationships were specified in a model. The project is part of the
division of social sciences, discipline of social work, area of human development,
but includes terminology from other related disciplines such as economics,
administration, psychology and anthropology.
Global and local scenario
Youth
in Mexico are immersed in a scenario of employment, education and technology
that is far from their references in other OECD countries [4]. In terms of
education, enrollment is in greater proportion to the number of young people in
the State of Mexico followed by the Federal District. It is possible to see
that the upper secondary level is higher in reference to the other levels. This
implies that the degree of qualification is low, but it opens the opportunity
for training which has been identified as a determining factor in the quality
of work life [5].
Although
there is extensive enrollment in technical training, the opportunities in terms
of gender are similar, although at the higher level the trend favors the male
sex [6]. This means that physical differences have been reduced to their
minimum expression at the time of job placement, but knowledge management is
oriented in favor of the male sex since in the National System of Researchers,
levels II and III are more occupied by men. Although the State of Mexico has a
greater increase in access to initial, basic and secondary education, at the higher
and postgraduate level it is the Federal District that offers the greatest
options with respect to the other entities [7]. The state of Nuevo León stands
out as second best in terms of professional and specialized training
opportunities. This means that when establishing quality of life perception
criteria, students from Nuevo León have a greater perspective than students
from the State of Mexico or any other entity other than the Federal District
[8]. Coverage, absorption and approval of some degree of studies are indicators
of educational quality and therefore quality of life [9]. The Federal District,
Nuevo León and Coahuila stand out as the entities with the highest values
regarding the three indices, however access to broadband is lower in Mexico compared
to other countries [10]. While Korea, Norway and Denmark lead in access to ICT,
Mexico is lagging behind in terms of broadband penetration, which impacts its
educational system and quality of life even more in young people than in any
other group established by age ranges [11]. While countries with greater
broadband coverage establish information processing through a computer as their
main productive economic activity [12], Mexico concentrates the workforce of
its young people in customer services and this causes their purchasing power to
be minimum with respect to the other OECD countries. The majority of young
people in Mexico receive between one and two minimum salaries (28.8%), followed
by two and three salaries (22.3%) and three to five salaries. The working day
is not only meager in terms of purchasing power, it also represents more than
the 40 hours established by the ILO and reaches an average of 8 hours more than
international standards (43.2%) and in other cases more than eight. hours (30.8%).
Education, technology and employment are essential factors to explain the
quality of life of young people in Mexico since they are objective indicators
in which perception is reduced to its minimum expression [13]. However, quality
of life also implies a subjective component [14]. Both dimensions, objective
and subjective, are complementary for the analysis of the quality of life of
young people in Mexico [15]. Educational problems are intertwined in the
financing of vocational training since an increase in financing in science and
technology involves strategic alliances, knowledge networks and value chains
between institutions and for-profit organizations [16]. In terms of budget,
global vocational training is led by the United States with nearly 140 billion
dollars, followed by Japan, France and Germany. Lastly, Argentina and Mexico
during the period from 1994 to 2007 [17]. However, investment in research shows
insignificant differences between Australia, Korea, China, the US, France and
Japan [18]. However, there are significant differences between money from
industry and public financing and other investment mechanisms in Germany,
Canada, the US, France, Korea, Japan, Mexico, the United Kingdom and Sweden
[19]. In the case of business financing, differences between countries remain,
although they remain constant in the period from 1998 to 2007 in Germany,
Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Korea, China, USA, Spain, France and Japan
[20]. In the case of Mexico, growing business
financing is observed that doubled in the period of analysis included [21].
Now,
the use of available financing also remains constant since from 1998 to 2007
higher education institutions and universities used a constant amount that only
in the cases of Chile, Korea, Spain and Japan has decreased, but in the cases
of Brazil, Canada and the US has increased. In the case of Mexico, a
substantial increase is observed in the middle of the period that ends with a
significant decrease [22]. Although funding has remained constant and the use
of resources has increased and reduced in some cases, the differences between
the numbers of researchers are substantial between the countries analyzed [23].
The US leads the group with nearly one million 400 thousand researchers while
China registered the same number of researchers in 2007, but its exponential
increase denotes low quality. Japan occupies third place followed by Germany
with 600 thousand and 200 thousand respectively [24]. In the case of Latin
America; Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Chile occupy ninth, tenth, eleventh and
twelfth positions with nearly 100 thousand researchers in the four countries
[25]. Although until 2007 China and the US had the same number of researchers,
in terms of the production of articles there is a difference of 200 thousand
between both countries. Germany and Japan even compare China's production [26].
France, Canada and Italy occupy intermediate positions and Brazil is the Latin
country with the highest production [27].
Regarding academic citations, the US sets the standard during the period
from 1997 to 2008 with respect to other countries, while Mexico occupies the
last places [28]. However, although the US leads each of the specified areas,
in terms of patents it is notably surpassed by Japan and Latin countries reach
50 thousand patents from 1998 to 2007 [29]. The increase in scholarships
explains Mexico's emergence in terms of patents and its zero participation in
other areas. From 2000 to 2009, the forest has tripled in Mexico [30].
Educational problems seem to be explained by the budget amount and the
financing of research in Mexico compared to developed countries [31]. The
differences between countries are not only financial, but also organizational,
since Japan, with 20 billion dollars, exceeds the number of patents in the
United States, which invests 140 billion dollars, although the production of
articles and the number of citations justifies this. Amount of investment, but
in terms of technological innovations, Japan is a management model for the
emerging countries of Latin America [32]. Indeed, educational, scientific and
technological development seems to obey an organizational logic in which the
professional training network and organizational training violence are factors
that would explain the differences between countries that allocate similar
investment amounts and the similarities between countries that support their
production from different budgetary and financial amounts [33].
Reliability Theory Social
Development
in its human, local social or sustainable aspects are phenomena perceptible
from their proximity or distance that makes them seem uncertain, insecure,
risky and unfair [34]. The entrepreneurial social spirit is the result of such
representations; individuals develop entrepreneurship that involves the
emergence of knowledge and management networks oriented toward [35]. In
contrast, vulnerable groups, marginalized or excluded from entrepreneurship
networks, are assigned to networks of conformity and obedience, evidencing
asymmetric relations and local and global domination [36]. In this way, the concept of development is
impoverished by conformity networks since they cancel dialogue, debate and
consensus [37]. While entrepreneurship networks enhance negotiation, agreements
and contracts for the construction of an identity linked to freedoms,
opportunities, capabilities and responsibilities [38]. In contrast, networks of
conformity and obedience reproduce social domination that materializes in
defenselessness, postmaterialism, violence or corruption [39]. Indeed,
entrepreneurship networks approach the construction of discourses related to
empathy, trust, commitment, satisfaction and happiness [40]. On the contrary,
conformity networks are exposed to mistrust, stress, dissatisfaction and
violence, although it is also assumed as an area of opportunities for the
vindication of groups that were entrepreneurs [41]. This is how the
developmental paradigm stands as an alternative to the explanation of the
formation of knowledge and management networks in the face of the emergence of
networks of corruption, cooptation, negligence or opacity within the civil and
political spheres [42].
This
is a scenario in which rulers and governed are in permanent symbolic conflict
since their perceptions are influenced by the media as they disseminate the
assumption according to which natural resources are the factors of development
rather than the production of knowledge and that public management is the
result of the ambition or inefficiency of the authorities [43]. Consequently,
according to the developmental hypothesis, the deregulation of public services
anticipates the emergence of a market in which rates assigned to the scarcity
of resources and the intermittency of services are the governance instrument
par excellence, even if this implies the exclusion of sectors that cannot
afford its unit price [44]. Consequently, the relationship between development
and entrepreneurship is conditioned by the formation of knowledge networks that
yesterday were considered adjacent to the relations between entrepreneurs and
workers, or outside the relations between rulers and governed [45]. In this
way, public policies and sociopolitical participation become especially
relevant within the framework of collaborative knowledge networks [46]. As management instruments, public policies
are disjointed government actions that seek to induce social change, but
reproduce the depletion of resources because their development model is based
on the fact of using nature and transforming it until replacing it with a model
of mass tourism [47]. In the case of sociopolitical participation, the
organization of civil observatories supposes the emergence of opportunities for
access to information and accountability indicative of the transformation of
the State and the democratization of its bureaucracy [48]. However, it is the
entrepreneurial networks that promote the granting of scholarships and various
supports to those who have been outstanding in the creation and innovation of
technology or research [49]. In this sense, entrepreneurship is the banner of
knowledge and the dissemination of this capital involves the attraction of foreign
investment, job creation and activation of the economy [50]. Although
collaborative knowledge networks move through flexible channels, economic
crises or social violence inhibit the production of knowledge and the
dissemination of initiatives in academic sectors [51]. Or, the overcrowding of
enrollment along with limited growth are two factors that determine low
educational quality and thereby inhibit the emergence of talents [52]. Such
aspects distance entrepreneurial prospects and bring them closer to conformism
in which conflicts over resources exacerbate the differences between
entrepreneurs and conformists [53]. Corruption associated with the scarcity of
resources is a binomial that tips the balance in favor of conformist networks
and their social reproduction in the most disadvantaged strata, as well as in
the groups with greater financial resources [54]. In this last group, the
formation of monopolies is the result of the conformity that supposes a captive
and static market where capabilities are reduced to bribes [55]. That is why the quality of life, in economic
terms, is high in these corrupt groups as long as the market is distributed,
but if inequality emerges, then violence will be perceived as a central issue
on the public agenda and will displace employment to second place. Plane [56].
Such a situation intensifies the formation of entrepreneurial networks and even
the establishment of strategic alliances between transnationals and SMEs in the
face of monopolistic companies. In this context, the State abandons its
managerial function to assume a guarding role in the face of perceived violence
and insecurity [57].
Table 1: State of knowledge.
|
Year |
Author |
Results |
Specification |
|
2010 |
Borjas |
Entrepreneurship was a topic of social
public opinion rather than business or organizational and was related to the
national economic situation, as well as individual creativity. Regarding the
symbols of social representation, support for microprojects had the
independence of the State as positive features, however the negative features
were considered as intermittent and ephemeral initiatives. |
Business representations influence local
development |
|
2010 |
Jimenez |
They established three factors of the four possible
dimensions. The first factor explained 46.4% of the variance while the second
factor explained 28.6% of the variance and the third factor explained 25.15%
of the variance. They established differences between men and women [X2 =
10.088 (2gl) p = 0.007], by years [X2 = 176.77 (8gl) p = 0.000] and habitat
[X2 = 21.657 (6gl) p = 0.001] |
Gender, age and space are determinants of
local development |
|
2010 |
Sharples |
The main source of information about
climate change was television news (23.9%), the foods and drinks most
consumed by the sample (83.8%), light bulbs were the object most used to
combat change climate (88.7%), |
Media representations influenced local
development |
|
2010 |
McCright |
Political ideology and perception of
understanding negatively determined knowledge about climate change and
concern about its consequences on gender (? = -0.372 and ? = 0.336
respectively). |
Political ideology as a determinant of
sustainable development |
|
2010 |
Grimaldo |
The validity and reliability of quality of
life was established considering nine dimensions related to media (? = 0.93),
economic well-being (? = 0.83), couple (? = 0.87), family life and home. (? =
0.89), religion (? = 0.95), neighborhood and community (? = 0.90), leisure (?
= 0.88), friends (? = 0.88) and health (? = 0.85). |
Quality of life as a determinant of
representations of local and family well-being
|
|
2010 |
Elizalde |
It
established significant differences between age and sex regarding styles of
coping with violence; social support, self-control, confrontation,
responsibility, distancing and avoidance. These are factors related to gender
stereotypes in which there seems to be a tendency to attribute mobility to
the male gender and passivity to the female gender. |
Gender
and age affect lifestyles oriented to violence |
|
2010 |
malone |
In
cities with a high crime rate, trust in the justice system is determined by
fear of local crime (? = -.146; p = .000), evaluation of institutional action
(? = .737; p = .000), age (? = -.0004; p = .05), the size of the municipality
(? = -.052; p = .05). Trust in the police is influenced by personal
victimization (? ¿ - .175; p = .000), local crime (? = -.154; p = .0000),
evaluation of government action (? =. 437; p = .001). Confidence in human
rights is affected by local crime -.091; p = .0000), institutional evaluation
(? = .558; p = .000), male sex (? = -.158; p = .000) and municipality size (?
= -. 046; p = .05). In the case of cities with a low crime rate, the
evaluation of institutions stands out as a predictor of trust in the justice
system (? = .585; p = .000), the police (? = .567; p = .000) and human rights
(? = .324; p = .000). Attention to news on the radio influenced trust in the
system (? = .078; p = .010) and human rights (? = .112; p = .05). In the case
of crime monitoring in the press, it negatively influenced trust in the
system (? = -.091; p = .05), the police (? = -.092; p = .05) and human rights
(? = -.129; p = .05). In cities with a high crime rate, trust in the justice
system is determined by fear of local crime (? = -.146; p = .000), evaluation
of institutional action (? = .737; p = .000), age (? = -.0004; p = .05), the
size of the municipality (? = -.052; p = .05). Trust in the police is
influenced by personal victimization (? ¿ - .175; p = .000), local crime (? =
-.154; p = .0000), evaluation of government action (? = . 437; p = .001).
Confidence in human rights is affected by local crime -.091; p = .0000),
institutional evaluation (? = .558; p = .000), male sex (? = -.158; p = .000)
and municipality size (? = -. 046; p = .05). In the case of cities with a low
crime rate, the evaluation of institutions stands out as a predictor of trust
in the justice system (? = .585; p = .000), the police (? = .567; p = .000)
and human rights (? = .324; p = .000). Attention to news on the radio
influenced trust in the system (? = .078; p = .010) and human rights (? =
.112; p = .05). In the case of crime monitoring in the press, it negatively
influenced trust in the system (? = -.091; p = .05), the police (? = -.092; p
= .05) and human rights (? = -.129; p = .05). |
Representations
of justice as determinants of relationships of trust between rulers and
governed. |
|
2010 |
Marine |
Social
representations are related to evaluations of crime. They were formed from
symbolic and everyday manifestation as a form of social knowledge. That is,
crime is considered a means of subsistence and materializes as an instrument
of subsistence. |
Criminal
representations affect poverty. |
|
2010 |
Ruiz |
Socioeconomic
level correlated with fear of crime (-.149), collective efficacy (.191),
civic culture (.269), victimization (-.117), and emotional climate (.274).
Likewise, victimization was associated with fear of crime (.201), collective
efficacy (.258), civic culture (.223), satisfaction with the police (-.136),
and emotional climate (.3999). For its part, fear of crime was related to
collective efficacy (-.264), civic culture (-.315), satisfaction with the
police (-.242), victimization (.170) and emotional climate (- . . . 475).
Collective efficacy was linked to civic culture (-554), satisfaction with the
police (.229) and emotional climate (.382). Citizen culture correlated with
satisfaction with the police (.358), victimization (-.142) and with the
emotional climate (.567). Satisfaction with the police was associated with
victimization (.114) and emotional climate (.333). Finally, victimization
with the emotional climate (-.295). |
Socioeconomic
level influences emotions related to crime and insecurity.
|
|
2011 |
Fernandez |
Mexico was the country that sent the largest
number of migrants (13,787) in 1998 while the rest of Latin America sent
290,446 in the same year. In 2008 it rose to 42,413 in the case of Mexico and
LA reached the figure of 2298,484 migrants. |
The expulsion of migrants as a determinant
of regional development. |
|
2012 |
Markowitz |
They established differences between
ethical, unethical and undecided with respect to their concern (F = 102.52; p
= 0.000), risks (F = 51.68; p = 0.000), consensus (F = 26.83; p = 0.000),
effectiveness (F = 34.67; p = 0.000), responsibility (F = 69.41; p = 0.000).
Environmental intentions were determined by beliefs (? = 0.506). |
The political ideology determining
environmental social responsibility. |
|
2012 |
Derya |
They established significant differences
between men and women regarding their perceived health (t = 2.543; p =
0.011), updating needs (t = 3.744; p = 0.000), knowledge needs (t = 2.977; p
= 0.003) and aesthetic needs (t = 1.790, p = 0.074). |
The need for information determined by
gender. |
|
2012 |
Sadeghzadeh |
They established significant differences
between the experimental and control groups with respect to the medical
intervention and their perceived quality of life before and after said
intervention [t = 3.86 (29 df ) p = 0.000] |
Quality of life, a factor of human
development, influenced by gender. |
|
2012 |
Tariq |
Life satisfaction and financial stress
correlated negatively (r = -0118; p < 0.001) and significant differences
were established between high and low financial stress with respect to life
satisfaction [t = 2.37 (98 df ) p < 0.05] |
Life satisfaction affects stress, a factor
of human development. |
|
2012 |
Garcia |
The
media perception of government actions had a positive impact on the
perception of public insecurity (? = .36; p < .001) |
Media
representations determining the perception of public insecurity. |
|
2013 |
Bahamonde |
48.3% of Chileans accepted integration,
23.7% preferred separation, 19% chose marginalization and 9% oriented towards
assimilation. The opposition to equality factor correlated with group
dominance (r = 0.457; p = 0.000) |
Inter and multicultural differences
determining regional development. |
|
2013 |
Lopez |
The ethnicity of Mexican migrants consists
of an imaginary around their immigration status in which they are considered
part of Spanish culture and do not feel like foreigners like in the United
States. |
The imaginary as a factor of identity and
sense of belonging |
|
2013 |
Garcia |
The bias of the
print media regarding immigration insecurity was characterized by
significantly less framing in reference to the framing around other areas of
national and regional security. That is, the dissemination of immigration
insecurity in the media seems to corroborate the assumption according to
which the printed media build a public agenda based on federal electoral
periods and local elections. |
The determining
media representations of the elections |
|
2017 |
Carreon |
He established a data mining sequence with
press releases of national circulation related to public security, finding
the establishment of verisimilitude as a logic of media persuasion. |
Verisimilitude representations influence
local development. |
|
2017 |
Garcia |
Reviewed and analyzed the literature
concerning agenda setting as a central theme of the state of knowledge in
which the frame occupied the second place and the effects of the audiences
the third place of importance and frequency. |
Media representations determine the
establishment of a local agenda. |
|
Source: self-made |
|||
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