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Review Sustainable Development in Post Pandemic Download PDF

Journal Name : SunText Review of Neuroscience & Psychology

DOI : 10.51737/2766-4503.2024.081

Article Type : Research Article

Authors : Garcia Lirios C, Carreon Guillen J and Hernandez Valdes J

Keywords : Security; Development; Propaganda; Model; Specification

Abstract

Roughly speaking, security and human development are projects of the modern State that, in its coercive aspect, imposed its stewardship on the life and resources it considers public. In this sense, the objective of the present study is to specify a model for the study of both factors. A documentary work was carried out with a sample selection of sources indexed to leading repositories in Latin America, considering the publication period from 2010 to 2024, as well as the keywords of “security”, “development”, “model” and “specification”. . The specified model included six axes ranging from the security device to co-responsibility through development propaganda. Lines of research concerning the co-participation between political and social actors are noted.


Introduction

The binomial, security and development represents the stewardship of the State if it is taken into account that national security consisted of social union with the purpose of preserving the territory [1]. In that sense, public security adopted the premise of national identity with the purpose of establishing a stewardship that will monitor the interests and resources considered public goods. This is how social security was a remnant of the State's stewardship of public life in the private dimension. The right to health, education and employment, indicators of human development, were promoted by state management until it became unsustainable as the number of pensions exceeded the income of taxpayers. However, the binomial of citizen security and social development maintained a close link with the advent of state neoliberalism in which management prevailed as a synonym for the evaluation of the quality of institutional processes and products. In this sense, the secretaries of health, education and employment were guided by an administration of objectives, value chains and competitive advantages [2].

This is how private security does not exclude the State from the privacy of its rulers, but it does reorient the evaluation of objectives, tasks and goals towards well-being and quality of life, essential factors of human development [3]. Consequently, the binomial between any type of security and development within the framework of the State's stewardship is a constant that the present work proposed to address with the purpose of specifying a model that allows establishing the binomial relationship and its degree of incidence in a future scenario of violence or pacification. A non-experimental, transversal, exploratory and documentary study was carried out with a sample selection of sources indexed to Latin American databases such as Dialnet, Latindex and Redalyc, considering the threshold from 2010 to 2017, the key words of “security”. , “development”, “model” and “specification”. Next, the selected information was processed in a content analysis matrix, even though it is considered that sources with more than one author have greater reflective merit than those with a single author, only one-person works were included because it was considered that They reflect a personal effort to integrate the categories in question (see table in the annex) and finally, the trajectories of dependency relationships were specified in a model. The project is part of the division of social sciences, discipline of social work, area of human development, but includes terminology from other related disciplines such as economics, administration, psychology and anthropology.

Global and local scenario

Youth in Mexico are immersed in a scenario of employment, education and technology that is far from their references in other OECD countries [4]. In terms of education, enrollment is in greater proportion to the number of young people in the State of Mexico followed by the Federal District. It is possible to see that the upper secondary level is higher in reference to the other levels. This implies that the degree of qualification is low, but it opens the opportunity for training which has been identified as a determining factor in the quality of work life [5].

Although there is extensive enrollment in technical training, the opportunities in terms of gender are similar, although at the higher level the trend favors the male sex [6]. This means that physical differences have been reduced to their minimum expression at the time of job placement, but knowledge management is oriented in favor of the male sex since in the National System of Researchers, levels II and III are more occupied by men. Although the State of Mexico has a greater increase in access to initial, basic and secondary education, at the higher and postgraduate level it is the Federal District that offers the greatest options with respect to the other entities [7]. The state of Nuevo León stands out as second best in terms of professional and specialized training opportunities. This means that when establishing quality of life perception criteria, students from Nuevo León have a greater perspective than students from the State of Mexico or any other entity other than the Federal District [8]. Coverage, absorption and approval of some degree of studies are indicators of educational quality and therefore quality of life [9]. The Federal District, Nuevo León and Coahuila stand out as the entities with the highest values regarding the three indices, however access to broadband is lower in Mexico compared to other countries [10]. While Korea, Norway and Denmark lead in access to ICT, Mexico is lagging behind in terms of broadband penetration, which impacts its educational system and quality of life even more in young people than in any other group established by age ranges [11]. While countries with greater broadband coverage establish information processing through a computer as their main productive economic activity [12], Mexico concentrates the workforce of its young people in customer services and this causes their purchasing power to be minimum with respect to the other OECD countries. The majority of young people in Mexico receive between one and two minimum salaries (28.8%), followed by two and three salaries (22.3%) and three to five salaries. The working day is not only meager in terms of purchasing power, it also represents more than the 40 hours established by the ILO and reaches an average of 8 hours more than international standards (43.2%) and in other cases more than eight. hours (30.8%). Education, technology and employment are essential factors to explain the quality of life of young people in Mexico since they are objective indicators in which perception is reduced to its minimum expression [13]. However, quality of life also implies a subjective component [14]. Both dimensions, objective and subjective, are complementary for the analysis of the quality of life of young people in Mexico [15]. Educational problems are intertwined in the financing of vocational training since an increase in financing in science and technology involves strategic alliances, knowledge networks and value chains between institutions and for-profit organizations [16]. In terms of budget, global vocational training is led by the United States with nearly 140 billion dollars, followed by Japan, France and Germany. Lastly, Argentina and Mexico during the period from 1994 to 2007 [17]. However, investment in research shows insignificant differences between Australia, Korea, China, the US, France and Japan [18]. However, there are significant differences between money from industry and public financing and other investment mechanisms in Germany, Canada, the US, France, Korea, Japan, Mexico, the United Kingdom and Sweden [19]. In the case of business financing, differences between countries remain, although they remain constant in the period from 1998 to 2007 in Germany, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Korea, China, USA, Spain, France and Japan [20].  In the case of Mexico, growing business financing is observed that doubled in the period of analysis included [21].

Now, the use of available financing also remains constant since from 1998 to 2007 higher education institutions and universities used a constant amount that only in the cases of Chile, Korea, Spain and Japan has decreased, but in the cases of Brazil, Canada and the US has increased. In the case of Mexico, a substantial increase is observed in the middle of the period that ends with a significant decrease [22]. Although funding has remained constant and the use of resources has increased and reduced in some cases, the differences between the numbers of researchers are substantial between the countries analyzed [23]. The US leads the group with nearly one million 400 thousand researchers while China registered the same number of researchers in 2007, but its exponential increase denotes low quality. Japan occupies third place followed by Germany with 600 thousand and 200 thousand respectively [24]. In the case of Latin America; Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Chile occupy ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth positions with nearly 100 thousand researchers in the four countries [25]. Although until 2007 China and the US had the same number of researchers, in terms of the production of articles there is a difference of 200 thousand between both countries. Germany and Japan even compare China's production [26]. France, Canada and Italy occupy intermediate positions and Brazil is the Latin country with the highest production [27].  Regarding academic citations, the US sets the standard during the period from 1997 to 2008 with respect to other countries, while Mexico occupies the last places [28]. However, although the US leads each of the specified areas, in terms of patents it is notably surpassed by Japan and Latin countries reach 50 thousand patents from 1998 to 2007 [29]. The increase in scholarships explains Mexico's emergence in terms of patents and its zero participation in other areas. From 2000 to 2009, the forest has tripled in Mexico [30]. Educational problems seem to be explained by the budget amount and the financing of research in Mexico compared to developed countries [31]. The differences between countries are not only financial, but also organizational, since Japan, with 20 billion dollars, exceeds the number of patents in the United States, which invests 140 billion dollars, although the production of articles and the number of citations justifies this. Amount of investment, but in terms of technological innovations, Japan is a management model for the emerging countries of Latin America [32]. Indeed, educational, scientific and technological development seems to obey an organizational logic in which the professional training network and organizational training violence are factors that would explain the differences between countries that allocate similar investment amounts and the similarities between countries that support their production from different budgetary and financial amounts [33].

Reliability Theory Social

Development in its human, local social or sustainable aspects are phenomena perceptible from their proximity or distance that makes them seem uncertain, insecure, risky and unfair [34]. The entrepreneurial social spirit is the result of such representations; individuals develop entrepreneurship that involves the emergence of knowledge and management networks oriented toward [35]. In contrast, vulnerable groups, marginalized or excluded from entrepreneurship networks, are assigned to networks of conformity and obedience, evidencing asymmetric relations and local and global domination [36].  In this way, the concept of development is impoverished by conformity networks since they cancel dialogue, debate and consensus [37]. While entrepreneurship networks enhance negotiation, agreements and contracts for the construction of an identity linked to freedoms, opportunities, capabilities and responsibilities [38]. In contrast, networks of conformity and obedience reproduce social domination that materializes in defenselessness, postmaterialism, violence or corruption [39]. Indeed, entrepreneurship networks approach the construction of discourses related to empathy, trust, commitment, satisfaction and happiness [40]. On the contrary, conformity networks are exposed to mistrust, stress, dissatisfaction and violence, although it is also assumed as an area of opportunities for the vindication of groups that were entrepreneurs [41]. This is how the developmental paradigm stands as an alternative to the explanation of the formation of knowledge and management networks in the face of the emergence of networks of corruption, cooptation, negligence or opacity within the civil and political spheres [42].

This is a scenario in which rulers and governed are in permanent symbolic conflict since their perceptions are influenced by the media as they disseminate the assumption according to which natural resources are the factors of development rather than the production of knowledge and that public management is the result of the ambition or inefficiency of the authorities [43]. Consequently, according to the developmental hypothesis, the deregulation of public services anticipates the emergence of a market in which rates assigned to the scarcity of resources and the intermittency of services are the governance instrument par excellence, even if this implies the exclusion of sectors that cannot afford its unit price [44]. Consequently, the relationship between development and entrepreneurship is conditioned by the formation of knowledge networks that yesterday were considered adjacent to the relations between entrepreneurs and workers, or outside the relations between rulers and governed [45]. In this way, public policies and sociopolitical participation become especially relevant within the framework of collaborative knowledge networks [46].  As management instruments, public policies are disjointed government actions that seek to induce social change, but reproduce the depletion of resources because their development model is based on the fact of using nature and transforming it until replacing it with a model of mass tourism [47]. In the case of sociopolitical participation, the organization of civil observatories supposes the emergence of opportunities for access to information and accountability indicative of the transformation of the State and the democratization of its bureaucracy [48]. However, it is the entrepreneurial networks that promote the granting of scholarships and various supports to those who have been outstanding in the creation and innovation of technology or research [49]. In this sense, entrepreneurship is the banner of knowledge and the dissemination of this capital involves the attraction of foreign investment, job creation and activation of the economy [50]. Although collaborative knowledge networks move through flexible channels, economic crises or social violence inhibit the production of knowledge and the dissemination of initiatives in academic sectors [51]. Or, the overcrowding of enrollment along with limited growth are two factors that determine low educational quality and thereby inhibit the emergence of talents [52]. Such aspects distance entrepreneurial prospects and bring them closer to conformism in which conflicts over resources exacerbate the differences between entrepreneurs and conformists [53]. Corruption associated with the scarcity of resources is a binomial that tips the balance in favor of conformist networks and their social reproduction in the most disadvantaged strata, as well as in the groups with greater financial resources [54]. In this last group, the formation of monopolies is the result of the conformity that supposes a captive and static market where capabilities are reduced to bribes [55].  That is why the quality of life, in economic terms, is high in these corrupt groups as long as the market is distributed, but if inequality emerges, then violence will be perceived as a central issue on the public agenda and will displace employment to second place. Plane [56]. Such a situation intensifies the formation of entrepreneurial networks and even the establishment of strategic alliances between transnationals and SMEs in the face of monopolistic companies. In this context, the State abandons its managerial function to assume a guarding role in the face of perceived violence and insecurity [57].

Table 1: State of knowledge.

The transformation of the State and the democratization of its institutions are nothing more than indicative of the conflicts between monopolistic networks and translocal networks [36]. That is, in the face of the emergence of a competitive market, the State is obliged to restore freedoms and generate opportunities that correspond to the capabilities and responsibilities of economic and social actors [58]. translocal reliability implies: 1) strategic alliances between transnationals and SMEs in order to insert international products into local consumption and introduce community products to the international market, 2) collaborative management and production networks of knowledge between universities and companies that, through a system of scholarships, guarantee the development of technological innovations and 3) information nodes where knowledge is transferred through calls for citizen, academic and business events [59]. Translocal reliability not only affects the formation of groups, networks or alliances, but is also an information system that facilitates decision-making in the face of uncertain events, risky situations, unpredictable phenomena or unsafe processes [60]. This is how development requires the participation of economic, political and social actors through access to information that allows decision-making, re-engineering of objectives or innovation of procedures in accordance with sectoral conflicts, market demands or availability of resources [61]. However, the difference between local and global spheres is increasingly narrower and therefore forces actors to establish agreements in different areas and modalities according to the conformation of their development opportunities and capacities [62]. The innovation of knowledge and the management of its production is increasingly directed by its effects on productivity or consumption without considering the availability of resources [63]. This is how Human Development is focused on education, health and employment, but based on the ecological footprint that these services leave for future generations [64]. In the same way, Local Development, which was based on the exploitation of endogenous natural resources, is now replanted from tourism and services, although the impact of municipal waste on the local quality of life anticipates new forms of growth favorable to the environment such as ecovillages or ecomuseums [65]. In the case of human, technological and sustainable development, the formation of collaborative networks seems to indicate that education, health and employment are the result of the establishment of rates [66]. As a management instrument, quotas seem to be the alternative for regulating consumption since subsidies encouraged corruption, but the justice indicated by the universal right to resources would become a favorable model for those who can afford eco-taxes [67].

State of knowledge of security and development

A review of the literature concerning the studies of human, technological and sustainable development, seen from the social reliability or trust between political and civil actors with the purpose of establishing co-participation and co-responsibility, warns: a) the prevalence of social representations as determinants the rejection or acceptance of co-management between civil society and the State; 2) political ideology as a factor of influence of the media and differentiation factor by gender, age and income with respect to health, education and employment; 3) entrepreneurship as a trigger for a higher quality of life and subjective well-being in female heads of household with respect to environmental and occupational health [68]. The findings reported by the selected literature demonstrate not only differences between rulers and the governed, but also within civil society asymmetries concerning gender, age and income with respect to social entrepreneurship [69]. If the scenario shows that human, technological, local and sustainable development is conditioned by the absence of an Internet connection infrastructure and the use of digital networks in higher education institutions, then studies related to local development show that such educational, technological and informational factors are not a priority for the samples surveyed or interviewed [70]. In fact, the theory of social reliability would warn that the degree of empathy, trust, commitment, satisfaction and happiness between rulers and the governed does not depend on investment and financing in terms of technology, education and security, but rather on spending. Intended for social programs that encourage dependency between political and social actors [71]. Even such support programs for older adults, heads of households and students intensify during electoral times and reach their maximum splendor on Election Day. This is because, following the theory of social reliability, the relationships between rulers and the governed are limited to the reproduction of poverty, even when civil society feels happy to receive support, development rather involves an undertaking and innovation focused on the production of technological and educational knowledge [72]. That is to say, the value chain that goes from empathy and culminates in happiness is mediated by spending on social assistance programs and not by the production of knowledge or the formation of entrepreneurship and innovation networks [73].  Consequently, the state of knowledge warns that when distrust, fear, anger, hopelessness, revenge, repudiation, indignation or anxiety prevails, citizens move towards self-management rather than co-management, towards reproduction. Of poverty rather than development [74].

Specification of a model for the study of co-management of security and development

A specification is carried out from a theoretical, conceptual and empirical context and framework, considering the trajectories of dependency relationships between the variables reported by the literature and inferred in the selection of findings [75]. Consequently, the proposed model includes six axes that range from a concerted security and development device between the State and civil society to co-responsibility in its dissuasive, persuasive and ambivalent modalities. The trajectory that would go from the co-management device to the governance of propaganda reflects the context in which security and development are limited to investment and financing in science and technology, or spending on education, but orchestrated from the rectory. Of the State and, therefore, civil society would be excluded from decision-making (hypothesis 1). In the case of the trajectory that goes from the co-management device to counter-propaganda, it is possible to observe that the asymmetries between the State and citizens generate the division of civil society into radical and moderate sectors, the latter being controllable and manipulable from the social reliability that the State implements through social assistance (hypothesis 2). A fatal consequence of the social division regarding security and development propaganda managed and administered by the State leadership is the third axis that goes from the device towards anti-propaganda [76]. This is a scenario of insecurity and mistrust between rulers and governed. That is, the radical wing of citizens organizes to attack the State's heritage, which is symbolized in its gendarme rectory, or in its health, security, education and employment institutions (hypothesis 3). Although ungovernability is latent in socio-state co-management, the axis that goes from the device to deterrent co-responsibility reveals that economic, political and social structures generate emotions among which hopelessness stands out and that inhibits an outbreak of organized civil violence (hypothesis 4). Regarding the axis that goes from the co-management device to persuasive co-responsibility, the theory of social reliability stands out for anticipating pacification based on the conciliation of common interests between political and social actors, as well as negotiation, arbitration and prosecution. Of those responsible for violence and crime, factors that inhibit development (hypothesis 5). However, the last axis reveals a more realistic, less fatalistic and optimistic scenario [77]. The moment in which civil society and its rulers become ambivalent reflects, beyond mistrust and uncertainty, a scenario of apathy in which political and social actors agree that development, whatever it may be, is not an common goal (hypothesis 6).

 Final Considerations

The contribution of this work to the state of knowledge and the literature review lies in the specification of a model for the study of security and human, technological, local and sustainable development. However, because the review was carried out based on indexing criteria, year of publication and keywords, it is recommended to carry out a new review including other concepts such as; “device”, “governance”, “co-responsibility”, “propaganda” or “stewardship”. The inclusion of such concepts will allow documentary research to be extended to those studies that have been carried out in contexts different from that established in the chapter in question. Furthermore, the use of other theoretical and conceptual frameworks such as social deprivation, agenda setting, governance and social entrepreneurship is recommended in order to explain the trajectories proposed in the specified model. In the case of the model, it is recommended to include the variables already mentioned as search keywords in order to enrich the axes of discussion and hypotheses of logical trajectories of possible scenarios. Regarding other literature reviews and model specifications for the study of security and development, this work has established six axes of specification and discussion that may be susceptible to contrast with official data or the compilation of databases that allow establishing adjustments and mismatches between the proposed model and the observation of correlation trajectories in a locality or community similar to the study context.

Year

Author

Results

Specification

2010

Borjas

Entrepreneurship was a topic of social public opinion rather than business or organizational and was related to the national economic situation, as well as individual creativity. Regarding the symbols of social representation, support for microprojects had the independence of the State as positive features, however the negative features were considered as intermittent and ephemeral initiatives.

Business representations influence local development

2010

Jimenez

They established three factors of the four possible dimensions. The first factor explained 46.4% of the variance while the second factor explained 28.6% of the variance and the third factor explained 25.15% of the variance. They established differences between men and women [X2 = 10.088 (2gl) p = 0.007], by years [X2 = 176.77 (8gl) p = 0.000] and habitat [X2 = 21.657 (6gl) p = 0.001]

Gender, age and space are determinants of local development

2010

Sharples

The main source of information about climate change was television news (23.9%), the foods and drinks most consumed by the sample (83.8%), light bulbs were the object most used to combat change climate (88.7%),

Media representations influenced local development

2010

McCright

Political ideology and perception of understanding negatively determined knowledge about climate change and concern about its consequences on gender (? = -0.372 and ? = 0.336 respectively).

Political ideology as a determinant of sustainable development

2010

Grimaldo

The validity and reliability of quality of life was established considering nine dimensions related to media (? = 0.93), economic well-being (? = 0.83), couple (? = 0.87), family life and home. (? = 0.89), religion (? = 0.95), neighborhood and community (? = 0.90), leisure (? = 0.88), friends (? = 0.88) and health (? = 0.85).

Quality of life as a determinant of representations of local and family well-being

 

2010

Elizalde

It established significant differences between age and sex regarding styles of coping with violence; social support, self-control, confrontation, responsibility, distancing and avoidance. These are factors related to gender stereotypes in which there seems to be a tendency to attribute mobility to the male gender and passivity to the female gender.

Gender and age affect lifestyles oriented to violence

2010

malone

In cities with a high crime rate, trust in the justice system is determined by fear of local crime (? = -.146; p = .000), evaluation of institutional action (? = .737; p = .000), age (? = -.0004; p = .05), the size of the municipality (? = -.052; p = .05). Trust in the police is influenced by personal victimization (? ¿ - .175; p = .000), local crime (? = -.154; p = .0000), evaluation of government action (? =. 437; p = .001). Confidence in human rights is affected by local crime -.091; p = .0000), institutional evaluation (? = .558; p = .000), male sex (? = -.158; p = .000) and municipality size (? = -. 046; p = .05). In the case of cities with a low crime rate, the evaluation of institutions stands out as a predictor of trust in the justice system (? = .585; p = .000), the police (? = .567; p = .000) and human rights (? = .324; p = .000). Attention to news on the radio influenced trust in the system (? = .078; p = .010) and human rights (? = .112; p = .05). In the case of crime monitoring in the press, it negatively influenced trust in the system (? = -.091; p = .05), the police (? = -.092; p = .05) and human rights (? = -.129; p = .05). In cities with a high crime rate, trust in the justice system is determined by fear of local crime (? = -.146; p = .000), evaluation of institutional action (? = .737; p = .000), age (? = -.0004; p = .05), the size of the municipality (? = -.052; p = .05). Trust in the police is influenced by personal victimization (? ¿ - .175; p = .000), local crime (? = -.154; p = .0000), evaluation of government action (? = . 437; p = .001). Confidence in human rights is affected by local crime -.091; p = .0000), institutional evaluation (? = .558; p = .000), male sex (? = -.158; p = .000) and municipality size (? = -. 046; p = .05). In the case of cities with a low crime rate, the evaluation of institutions stands out as a predictor of trust in the justice system (? = .585; p = .000), the police (? = .567; p = .000) and human rights (? = .324; p = .000). Attention to news on the radio influenced trust in the system (? = .078; p = .010) and human rights (? = .112; p = .05). In the case of crime monitoring in the press, it negatively influenced trust in the system (? = -.091; p = .05), the police (? = -.092; p = .05) and human rights (? = -.129; p = .05).

Representations of justice as determinants of relationships of trust between rulers and governed.

2010

Marine

Social representations are related to evaluations of crime. They were formed from symbolic and everyday manifestation as a form of social knowledge. That is, crime is considered a means of subsistence and materializes as an instrument of subsistence.

Criminal representations affect poverty.

2010

Ruiz

Socioeconomic level correlated with fear of crime (-.149), collective efficacy (.191), civic culture (.269), victimization (-.117), and emotional climate (.274). Likewise, victimization was associated with fear of crime (.201), collective efficacy (.258), civic culture (.223), satisfaction with the police (-.136), and emotional climate (.3999). For its part, fear of crime was related to collective efficacy (-.264), civic culture (-.315), satisfaction with the police (-.242), victimization (.170) and emotional climate (- . . . 475). Collective efficacy was linked to civic culture (-554), satisfaction with the police (.229) and emotional climate (.382). Citizen culture correlated with satisfaction with the police (.358), victimization (-.142) and with the emotional climate (.567). Satisfaction with the police was associated with victimization (.114) and emotional climate (.333). Finally, victimization with the emotional climate (-.295).

Socioeconomic level influences emotions related to crime and insecurity.

 

 

2011

Fernandez

Mexico was the country that sent the largest number of migrants (13,787) in 1998 while the rest of Latin America sent 290,446 in the same year. In 2008 it rose to 42,413 in the case of Mexico and LA reached the figure of 2298,484 migrants.

The expulsion of migrants as a determinant of regional development.

2012

Markowitz

They established differences between ethical, unethical and undecided with respect to their concern (F = 102.52; p = 0.000), risks (F = 51.68; p = 0.000), consensus (F = 26.83; p = 0.000), effectiveness (F = 34.67; p = 0.000), responsibility (F = 69.41; p = 0.000). Environmental intentions were determined by beliefs (? = 0.506).

The political ideology determining environmental social responsibility.

2012

Derya

They established significant differences between men and women regarding their perceived health (t = 2.543; p = 0.011), updating needs (t = 3.744; p = 0.000), knowledge needs (t = 2.977; p = 0.003) and aesthetic needs (t = 1.790, p = 0.074).

The need for information determined by gender.

2012

Sadeghzadeh

They established significant differences between the experimental and control groups with respect to the medical intervention and their perceived quality of life before and after said intervention [t = 3.86 (29 df ) p = 0.000]

Quality of life, a factor of human development, influenced by gender.

2012

Tariq

Life satisfaction and financial stress correlated negatively (r = -0118; p < 0.001) and significant differences were established between high and low financial stress with respect to life satisfaction [t = 2.37 (98 df ) p < 0.05]

Life satisfaction affects stress, a factor of human development.

2012

Garcia

The media perception of government actions had a positive impact on the perception of public insecurity (? = .36; p < .001)

Media representations determining the perception of public insecurity.

2013

Bahamonde

48.3% of Chileans accepted integration, 23.7% preferred separation, 19% chose marginalization and 9% oriented towards assimilation. The opposition to equality factor correlated with group dominance (r = 0.457; p = 0.000)

Inter and multicultural differences determining regional development.

2013

Lopez

The ethnicity of Mexican migrants consists of an imaginary around their immigration status in which they are considered part of Spanish culture and do not feel like foreigners like in the United States.

The imaginary as a factor of identity and sense of belonging

2013

Garcia

The bias of the print media regarding immigration insecurity was characterized by significantly less framing in reference to the framing around other areas of national and regional security. That is, the dissemination of immigration insecurity in the media seems to corroborate the assumption according to which the printed media build a public agenda based on federal electoral periods and local elections.

The determining media representations of the elections

2017

Carreon

He established a data mining sequence with press releases of national circulation related to public security, finding the establishment of verisimilitude as a logic of media persuasion.

Verisimilitude representations influence local development.

2017

Garcia

Reviewed and analyzed the literature concerning agenda setting as a central theme of the state of knowledge in which the frame occupied the second place and the effects of the audiences the third place of importance and frequency.

Media representations determine the establishment of a local agenda.

Source: self-made


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