SunText Reviews

Article Type: Case Reports

Authors: Imade ElA, Dabbagh M, Maazouz A, Habladje H, Chair W, Elmouhib R, Bouidida H, Karami M, Lamghari M, Najih M, Moujahid M, Elkaoui H, Bounaim A and Bouchentouf SA

Keywords: Necrotizing colitis; Emergency surgery; Thrombosis of the inferior mesenteric artery

Abstract

Necrotizing colitis is a potentially life-threatening medico-surgical emergency, often unrecognized due to its infrequency in young patients. We report the case of a 44-year-old man admitted for management of sigmoid colon necrosis secondary to inferior mesenteric artery thrombosis most likely post SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Introduction

Necrotizing colitis is an acute condition predominantly impacting premature neonates, characterized by considerable morbidity and mortality rates [1]. Its occurrence in adults is notably lower, with decreased mortality rates [2]. Prognosis relies mainly on urgent, multidisciplinary treatment.

Case Presentation

A 44-year-old young man with a history of SARS-Cov2 infection, admitted to the emergency department with a 4-day history of occlusion, clinical examination revealed a patient in relatively good general condition, tachycardic with a heart rate of 110 bpm and blood pressure of 100/60 mmHg apyretic, the abdomen was distended with tenderness localized to the flank and left iliac fossa. Biological screening showed hemoglobin level at 10g/dL, WBC 16400 elements/mm, C-reactive protein 120 mg/L [3]. Abdominal CT scan with injection showed necrosis of sigmoid colon due to thrombosis of inferior mesenteric artery with peritoneal fluid effusion (Figure 1).

Emergency surgery was performed, surgical exploration revealed localized necrosis of the sigmoid colon, which was subsequently resected with the confection of a double stoma (Figure 2). Medical treatment was then instituted with curative-dose LMWH. The follow-up was generally marked by a clinical and biological recovery. Patient was then referred to internal medicine department for etiological investigation.

Figure 1: CT-Scan showing sigmoid necrosis.

Discussion

Necrotizing colitis (NC) predominantly impacts premature neonates of low birth weight, with an incidence ranging from 0.3 to 2.4 per 1000 live births, but notably higher at approximately 10% among infants weighing less than 1500 grams [3,4]. While NC occurrence is substantially lower in adults and carries a decreased mortality rate, it still presents significant morbidity [5]. Several causes can lead to NC in adults. Factors such as infectious agents, inflammatory mediators, and circulatory disturbances are all implicated in its etiology and pathogenesis. A wide range of infectious bacterial causes can lead to NC, including Klebsiella, E. coli, Clostridia, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, as well as viruses like Coronaviruses, Rotaviruses [2]. The clinical manifestations of NC are variable and depend mainly on the severity and time course of the disease. Main symptoms are abdominal pain, vomiting and nausea, abdominal tenderness, abdominal contracture or tenderness, bowel obstruction. Patients rarely have a fever and will usually not have a leukocytosis. In cases of severe intestinal ischemia causing transmural infarction and necrosis, abdominal wall contracture may be noted on abdominal examination and is often accompanied by metabolic acidosis and shock [6]. Ultrasonography and radiography can be used as diagnostic tools, but a CT scan has been declared to be the first choice for the diagnosis of NC [7].

Figure 2: Image showing the necrotic sigmoid colon.

The images that can be seen are intestinal wall thickening, per colon fat infiltration, with or without peritoneal fluid. Computed tomography may suggest a vascular etiology; in the case of complete obstruction, the intestinal wall will be thin and non - enhanced, with dilatation of the lumen, possibly with thrombosis in the mesenteric vessels [8]. Overall, a CT scan can be used to determine the severity and exact location of the injury. Also, MR angiography can be used to evaluate any suspected arteriovenous IMA malformation [7]. The innumerable causes of colonic ischemia can be categorized into occlusive and nonexclusive pathologies. Thrombophilia and vasculitis are the most important among the occlusive causes of ischemic colitis in the young [9]. SARS-CoV-2 has been linked to the development of coagulopathy and thromboembolic complications in severe COVID-19 patients. The presentations included pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and rarely mesenteric ischemia. Our patient had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Treatment is multidisciplinary and involves surgery and LMWH-based medical therapy. Surgical intervention is necessary if there is intestinal necrosis or frank perforation or when there is clinical deterioration over 12–24 hours despite intensive medical support, surgical options are either resection of the necrotic segment with anastomosis, or resection and provision of a stoma [2].

Conclusion

NC very rarely affects adults, its clinical presentation is widely variable, and its diagnosis is based on CT scans. Management is urgent and relies mainly on surgery and administration of LMWH.

Funding

No fund has been used for this study.

Consent

As per international standard or university standard, patient(s) written consent has been collected and preserved by the author(s).

Ethical approval

As per international standard or university standard written ethical approval has been collected and preserved by the author(s).

Competing interests

Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References